This study examined the relationship between monitoring practices and project performance in the Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA), Uganda. Public institutions implement numerous projects to deliver services and development, and effective monitoring is widely regarded as essential to keeping projects on track and achieving their objectives, yet its contribution in the Ugandan public sector remains under-examined. The study investigated how monitoring planning, data collection and tracking, stakeholder involvement, and feedback and corrective action relate to project performance. A cross-sectional survey design with a mixed-methods approach was adopted, and data were collected from 175 respondents comprising project managers, monitoring and evaluation officers, technical staff, and beneficiaries using structured questionnaires and interviews. Descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, Pearson correlation, and structural (path) analysis were used. Factor analysis confirmed the construct validity of the monitoring dimensions, which loaded onto coherent factors and explained 68.6% of the variance. The results revealed a strong positive and significant relationship between monitoring practices and project performance (r = 0.68, p < 0.01), with the practices jointly explaining 66.0% of the variance in project performance (R² = 0.660). Data collection and tracking (β = 0.32) and feedback and corrective action (β = 0.30) emerged as the strongest path predictors. The study concludes that effective monitoring practices significantly enhance project performance and recommends strengthening data systems, feedback mechanisms, and monitoring planning.