This study examined the effect of the quality of construction materials and workmanship on the performance of road infrastructure in Uganda, using selected road projects as a case study. A quantitative design was adopted, and a coded dataset of 110 road sections was analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, multiple linear regression of the Pavement Condition Index five years after construction and binary logistic regression of premature failure, supported by diagnostic tests. The study results indicated that pavement condition averaged 58.3 points after five years, and that higher subgrade strength, greater compaction, quality-assurance compliance and adequate drainage improved condition, while weaker aggregates, binder content deviations and heavier traffic reduced it (the model explained 53.3% of the variance). Aggregate abrasion value was the strongest predictor (beta = -0.42, p < 0.001). In the logistic model, stronger subgrade, better compaction and lower abrasion values reduced the odds of premature failure. The diagnostic tests were satisfactory. The study concluded that material quality and construction control were central to road performance, and it recommended stricter material testing, enforced quality assurance, improved drainage and public reporting of test results.