This study examined the relationship between school setting and pupils' academic performance at Primary Leaving Examination (PLE) level in selected government-aided primary schools in Bubaare Town Council, Rubanda District, Uganda. School setting, encompassing school location and accessibility, classroom infrastructure, availability of instructional materials, teacher-pupil ratio, and the general school environment, is widely regarded as a determinant of pupils' learning outcomes, yet its specific influence on PLE performance in this locality had not been empirically established. The study investigated the aspects of school setting present in the selected schools, the level of pupils' academic performance at PLE level, and the relationship between the two. A descriptive survey design combining quantitative and qualitative approaches was adopted, and data were collected from 96 respondents comprising head teachers, teachers, and Primary Seven (P7) pupils across selected government-aided primary schools, using questionnaires, interview guides, and documentary review of PLE result records for three consecutive examination cycles. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to analyse the data. The results revealed that school setting in the selected schools was generally moderate, with classroom infrastructure and teacher-pupil ratio rated as adequate in fewer than half of the schools, while availability of instructional materials, library facilities, and a conducive school environment were rated considerably lower. PLE performance across the selected schools was similarly moderate, with schools rated as having a more favourable school setting recording a markedly higher proportion of pupils in Division One and Two than schools with a less favourable setting. The study concludes that school setting significantly influences pupils' academic performance at PLE level and recommends investment in classroom infrastructure, instructional materials, and a more conducive school environment in government-aided primary schools in Bubaare Town Council.