This study examined the relationship between material handling systems and organisational productivity at Riham Cola Company Limited, Kawempe, Uganda. The study was motivated by persistent operational inefficiencies observed in the company's production and distribution processes, which were attributed to inadequate material handling practices. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 120 respondents comprising production supervisors, warehouse managers, and line workers. Structured questionnaires and an interview guide were employed as primary data collection instruments. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analyses were used to analyse the data. The findings revealed a strong positive and statistically significant relationship between material handling systems — specifically storage and warehousing efficiency, material flow management, and equipment utilisation — and organisational productivity (r = 0.742, p < 0.001). The regression analysis further indicated that material handling systems collectively explained 61.4% of the variance in organisational productivity (R² = 0.614, F = 47.23, p < 0.001). The study concludes that investment in modern, efficient material handling systems substantially enhances organisational output, reduces waste, and improves delivery timelines. It is recommended that Riham Cola Company invest in automated conveyor systems, upgrade warehouse management software, and institute regular equipment maintenance schedules to sustain productivity gains.